軸承是當(dāng)代機(jī)械設(shè)備中一種重要零部件，它的主要功能是支撐機(jī)械旋轉(zhuǎn)體，降低其運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中的摩擦系數(shù)，并保證其回轉(zhuǎn)精度。滾動(dòng)軸承一般由外圈、內(nèi)圈、滾動(dòng)體和保持架四部分組成。按滾動(dòng)體的形狀，滾動(dòng)軸承分為球軸承和滾子軸承兩大類。雖然滾動(dòng)軸承類型眾多，其結(jié)構(gòu)型式、公差等級(jí)、材料選用、加工方法存在差異，但其基本制造過(guò)程類似，下面簡(jiǎn)單介紹下軸承部件的加工工藝：

 

　　Bearing is an important part of modern mechanical equipment, its main function is to support the mechanical rotating body, reduce the friction coefficient in the course of its movement, and ensure its rotation accuracy. Rolling bearings are generally made up of four parts: outer ring, inner ring, rolling body and cage. According to the shape of rolling body, rolling bearings are divided into two categories: ball bearings and roller bearings. Although there are many types of rolling bearings, their configuration, tolerance grade, material selection, processing methods are different, but the basic manufacturing process is similar. The following is a brief introduction to the bearing parts processing technology:

 

　　一、軸承制造工藝順序（Bearing manufacturing process sequence）

 

　?。?）軸承零件制造-軸承零件檢查-軸承零件退磁、清洗、防銹—軸承裝配-軸承成品檢查—軸承成品退磁、清洗-軸承成品涂油包裝斗成品入庫(kù)。

 

　　(1) Bearing parts manufacturing - bearing parts inspection - bearing parts demagnetization, cleaning, rust prevention - bearing assembly - bearing finished product inspection - bearing finished product demagnetization, cleaning - bearing finished product oil packing bucket finished product storage.

 

　?。?）套圈是滾動(dòng)軸承的重要零件，由于滾動(dòng)軸承的品種繁多，使得不同類型軸承的套圈尺寸、結(jié)構(gòu)、制造使用的設(shè)備、工藝方法等各不相同。又由于套圈加工工序多、工藝復(fù)雜、加工精度要求高，因此套圈的加工質(zhì)量對(duì)軸承的精度、使用壽命和性能有著重要的影響。

 

　　(2) Ring is an important part of rolling bearing. Because of the variety of rolling bearings, the size, structure, manufacturing equipment and process methods of different types of bearings are different. Because of many processing procedures, complex process and high precision requirements, the processing quality of the ring has an important impact on the accuracy, service life and performance of the bearing.

 

　　二、軸承套圈工藝順序（bearing ring process sequence）

 

　　套圈制造的原材料為圓柱形棒料或管料，目前根據(jù)成型工藝不同，滾動(dòng)軸承套圈一般有以下幾種制造過(guò)程。

 

　　Raw materials for ring manufacturing are cylindrical bars or pipes. At present, according to the different molding process, the rolling bearing ring generally has the following several manufacturing processes.

 

　?。?）棒料：下料-鍛造-退火（或正火）-車削（冷壓成型）-熱處理淬、回火-磨削-零件檢查-退磁、清洗-提交裝配。

 

　　(1) Bar: blanking - forging - annealing (or normalizing) - turning (cold forming) - heat treatment quenching, tempering - grinding - Part Inspection - demagnetization, cleaning - submit to assembly.

 

　?。?）棒料、管料：下料-冷輾成型-熱處理淬、回火-磨削-零件檢查-退磁、清洗-提交裝配。

 

　　(2) Bars and pipes: blanking-cold rolling-forming-heat treatment quenching, tempering-grinding-parts inspection-demagnetization, cleaning-submission for assembly.

 

　　（3）管料：下料-車削成型-熱處理淬、回火-磨削-零件檢查-退磁、清洗-提交裝配

 

　　(3) Pipe: blanking-turning-forming-heat treatment quenching, tempering-grinding-parts inspection-demagnetization, cleaning-submission assembly

 

　　（4）棒料：下料-冷（溫）擠壓成型-車削-熱處理淬、回火-磨削-零件檢查-退磁、清洗-提交裝配

 

　　(4) Bar: blanking-cold (warm) extrusion molding-turning-heat treatment quenching, tempering-grinding-parts inspection-demagnetization, cleaning-submission assembly

 

　　三、套圈成型方法（Forming method of ferrule）

 

　　目前在套圈加工中成型方法主要有以下幾種：鍛造成型、車削成型、冷輾擴(kuò)成型和冷（溫）擠壓成型。

 

　　At present, there are several forming methods in ring processing, such as forging, turning, cold rolling and cold (warm) extrusion.

 

　?。?）鍛造成型通過(guò)鍛造加工可以消除金屬內(nèi)在缺陷，改善金屬組織使金屬流線分布合理，金屬緊密度好。鍛造成型加工工藝廣泛應(yīng)用于軸承成型加工中，常見(jiàn)的鍛造成型方法有：熱鍛加工、冷鍛加工、溫鍛加工。

 

　　(1) Forging die can eliminate the inherent defects of metal by forging, improve the metal structure, make the metal streamline distribution reasonable and metal tightness good. Forging process is widely used in bearing forming. The common forging process includes hot forging, cold forging and warm forging.

 

　?。?）沖壓成型工藝是一種能提高材料利用率，提高金屬組織致密性，保持金屬流線性的先進(jìn)工藝方法，它是一種無(wú)屑加工方法。采用沖壓工藝和鍛造成型工藝時(shí)，產(chǎn)品的精度除了受設(shè)備精度影響外，還要受成型模具精度的影響。

 

　　(2) Stamping process is an advanced process which can improve the material utilization rate, improve the metal structure density and keep the metal flow linearity. It is a chip-free processing method. When adopting stamping process and forging process, the precision of the product is not only affected by the precision of the equipment, but also by the precision of the molding die.

 

　?。?）傳統(tǒng)的車削成型技術(shù)是使用專用車床，采用集中工序法完成成型加工。一些外形復(fù)雜、精度要求高的產(chǎn)品正越來(lái)越多地采用數(shù)控車削成型技術(shù)。

 

　　(3) the traditional turning forming technology is to use special lathe to complete the forming process by centralized process. Some products with complex shape and high accuracy require more and more CNC turning technology.

 

　　四、軸承加工油的選用（Selection of bearing processing oil）

 

　　軸承配件除在使用熱鍛工藝時(shí)通常都會(huì)根據(jù)工藝的不同選用適合的金屬加工油以提高工件精度和加工效率。

 

　　In addition to the use of hot forging process, bearing parts usually choose suitable metal processing oil according to the different process to improve the accuracy of the workpiece and processing efficiency.

 

　?。?）冷鍛：多采用冷鐓成型油或強(qiáng)縮油來(lái)提高工件的精度。

 

　　(1) cold forging: cold heading oil or strong oil are used to improve the accuracy of the workpiece.

 

　?。?）沖壓：由于沖壓工藝受限于模具的精度，所以選用專用沖壓油來(lái)延長(zhǎng)模具的使用壽命，從而保證工件的精度。

 

　　(2) Stamping: Because the stamping process is limited by the accuracy of the die, so the use of special stamping oil to extend the life of the die, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the workpiece.

 

　?。?）車削：車削工藝的精度主要和切削藝的進(jìn)給速度、刀具強(qiáng)度有關(guān)，選用專用的車床切削油能有效降低切削溫度，防止熱形變的出現(xiàn)。

 

　　(3) Turning: The accuracy of the turning process is mainly related to the feed speed and tool strength of the cutting process. Selection of special lathe cutting oil can effectively reduce the cutting temperature and prevent the occurrence of thermal deformation.

 

　　以上就是軸承套圈加工工藝的簡(jiǎn)單介紹，軸承加工正向著金屬材料利用率高、生產(chǎn)效率高、成型精度高的方向發(fā)展。

 

　　Above is the simple introduction of bearing ring processing technology, bearing processing is toward high metal material utilization, high production efficiency, high molding accuracy direction.